Strain Data

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Strain number		NIES-1332
Phylum		Rhodophyta
Class		Cyanidiophyceae
Scientific name		Cyanidioschyzon merolae De Luca, Taddei & Varano
Synonym
Former name
Common name		Red alga
Locality (Date of collection)		Sardinia Isl., Italy
Latitude / Longitude
Habitat (Isolation source)		Hot spring (Water)
History		< Kuroiwa, Tsuneyoshi
Isolator (Date of isolation)		Toda, Kyoko
Identified by
State of strain		Cryopreservation; Unialgal; Clonal; Non-axenic
Culture condition (Preculture condition)		Medium: M-Allen Temperature: 37 C Light intensity: 10-11 µmol photons/m²/sec, L/D cycle: 10L:14D Duration: 6 M
Gene information		Mitochondria DNA ( D89861 ) , Nuclear DNA (chromosome 1-20) ( AP006483-AP006502 ) , Plastid DNA ( AB002583 ) , aladh ( AB159599 ) , atpC ( AB159600 ) , gnd ( AB159595 AB159596 ) , Hsp70 ( AB095185 ) , Hsp90 ( AB095179 AB095186 ) , pgk ( AB159598 ) , psbO ( AB159597 ) , RPB1 ( AB095180 AB095187 ) , RpS8b ( AB095181 AB095188 ) , TPI ( AB095182 AB095189 ) , VatA ( AB095183 AB095190 ) , VatB ( AB095184 AB095191 )
Cell size (min - max)		- 4 μm
Organization		Unicellular
Characteristics		Planktonic ; Acidophilic ; Thermophilic ; Genome decoded strain
Other strain no.		Other strain no. : 10D
Remarks		NIES-3377 is available.
Movie

Reference
Hamana, K., Furuchi, T., Hayashi, H., Uemura, T., Niitsu, M. 2023 Additional polyamine analysis of the algae belonging to the phyla Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. ─Polyamine analysis of algae V─ Microb. Resour. Syst., 39, 33-40. Keywords: alga; Chlorophyta; Glaucophyta; polyamine; Rhodophyta Strain(s): 226, 250, 254, 550, 551, 626, 1298, 1332, 1703, 1836, 2137, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2252, 2353, 2894, 3377, 3645, 3867, 3891, 3892, 4107, 4390, 4452 Wong, D. K., Grisdale, C. J., Slat, V. A., Rader, S. D., Fast, N. M. 2023 The evolution of pre-mRNA splicing and its machinery revealed by reduced extremophilic red algae. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 70, e12927 (article ID). Keywords: Cyanidiales; intron; spliceosome; transcriptome Strain(s): 1332 PubMed: 35662328 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12927 Szewczyk, S., Abram, M., Białek, R., Haniewicz, P., Karolczak, J., Gapiński, J., Kargul, J., Gibasiewicz, K. 2020 On the nature of uncoupled chlorophylls in the extremophilic photosystem I-light harvesting I supercomplex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg., 1861, 148136 (article ID). Keywords: Biosolar photovoltaic cells; Photosystem I; Light harvesting complex I; Uncoupled chlorophylls; Time-resolved fluorescence; Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Strain(s): 1332 PubMed: 31825811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148136 Abram, M., Białek, R., Szewczyk, S., Karolczak, J., Gibasiewicz, K., Kargul, J. 2020 Remodeling of excitation energy transfer in extremophilic red algal PSI-LHCI complex during light adaptation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg., 1861, 148093 (article ID). Keywords: Photosystem I; Light harvesting complex I; Time-resolved fluorescence; Extremophilic red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae; Light adaptation; Red chlorophylls Strain(s): 1332 PubMed: 31669460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148093 Zienkiewicz, M., Krupnik, T., Drożak, A., Kania, K. 2019 PEG-mediated, stable, nuclear and chloroplast transformation of Cyanidioschizon merolae. Bio-protocol, 9, e3355 (article ID). Strain(s): 1332, 3377 DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3355 Krupnik, T., Wasilewska, W., Drożak, A., Romanowska, E., Zienkiewicz, M. 2018 Application of chloroplast promoters of Cyanidioschyzon merolae for exogenous protein expression. Algae, 33, 351-358. Keywords: chloroplast promoters; chloroplast transformation; Cyanidioschyzon merolae Strain(s): 1332 DOI: 10.4490/algae.2018.33.12.5 Zienkiewicz, M., Krupnik, T., Drożak, A., Golke, A., Romanowska, E. 2017 Transformation of the Cyanidioschyzon merolae chloroplast genome: prospects for understanding chloroplast function in extreme environments. Plant Mol. Biol., 93, 171-183. Keywords: Stable chloroplast transformation; Cyanidioschyzon merolae; Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; PEG; Biolistic bombardment Strain(s): 1332 PubMed: 27796719 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0554-8 Rahman, D. Y, Sarian, F. D., van WijkM, A., Martinez-Garcia, M., van der Maarel, M. J. E. C. 2017 Thermostable phycocyanin from the red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a new natural blue food colorant. J. Appl. Phycol., 29, 1233–1239. Keywords: Food colorant; Phycocyanin; Pigments; Red microalga; Cyanidioschyzon merolae Strain(s): 1332 PubMed: 28572707 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-1007-0 Loganathan, N., Tsai, YC., Mueller-Cajar, O. 2016 Characterization of the heterooligomeric red-type rubisco activase from red algae. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113, 14019-14024. Keywords: rubisco; activase; photosynthesis; AAA⁺ proteins; red algae Strain(s): 1332 PubMed: 27872295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610758113 Takaichi, S., Yokoyama, A., Mochimaru, M., Uchida, H., Murakami, A. 2016 Carotenogenesis diversification in phylogenetic lineages of Rhodophyta. J. Phycol., 52, 329-338. Keywords: alloxanthin; antheraxanthin; carotenogenesis; carotenoid; Cryptophyta; Glaucophyta; lutein; red algae; Rhodophyta; Zeaxanthin Strain(s): 697, 700, 705, 1332, 2137, 2138 PubMed: 27273528 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12411 Krupnik, T., Kotabová, E., van Bezouwen, L. S., Mazur, R., Garstka, M., Nixon, P. J., Barber, J., Kaňa, R., Boekema, E. J., Kargul, J. 2013 A reaction center-dependent photoprotection mechanism in a highly robust photosystem II from an extremophilic red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J. Biol. Chem., 288, 23529-23542. Strain(s): 1332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.484659 Miyagishima, S., Suzuki, K., Okazaki, K., Kabeya, Y. 2012 Expression of the nucleus-encoded chloroplast division genes and proteins regulated by the algal cell cycle. Mol. Biol. Evol., 29, 2957-2970. Keywords: cell cycle; chloroplast division; endosymbiosis; endosymbiotic gene transfer Strain(s): 296, 484, 547, 1332, 2170, 3377 PubMed: 22490821 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss102 Takaichi, S. 2011 Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Mar. Drugs, 9, 1101-1118. Keywords: algal phylogeny; biosynthesis of carotenoids; distribution of carotenoids; function of carotenoids; pigment-protein complex Strain(s): 144, 1332, 3377 PubMed: 21747749 DOI: 10.3390/md9061101 Ohnuma, M., Kuroiwa, T., Tanaka, K. 2011 Optimization of cryopreservation conditions for the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J. Gen. Appl. Micobiol.,, 57, 137-143. Keywords: cryoinjury; cryopreservation; Cyanidioschyzon merolae; unicellular red alga Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 21817825 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.57.137 Cunningham, Jr., F. X., Lee, H., Gantt, E. 2007 Carotenoid biosynthesis in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Eukaryot. Cell, 6, 533-545. Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 17085635 DOI: 10.1128/EC.00265-06 Nozaki, H., Takano, H., Misumi, O., Terasawa, K., Matsuzaki, M., Maruyama, S., Nishida, K., Yagisawa, F., Yoshida, Y., Fujiwara, T., Takio, S., Tamura, K., Chung, S. J., Nakamura, S., Kuroiwa, H., Tanaka, K., Sato, N., Kuroiwa, T. 2007 A 100%-complete sequence reveals unusually simple genomic features in the hot-spring red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. BMC Biol., 5, 28 (article ID). Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 17623057 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-28 Hamana, K. & Niitsu, M. 2006 Cellular polyamines of lower eukaryotes belonging to the phyla Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta and Percolozoa. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 52, 235-240. Keywords: Cryptophyta; Glaucophyta; Haptophyta; Perclozoa; polyamine; Rhodophyta Strain(s): 8, 274, 276, 277, 282, 353, 388, 699, 706, 715, 741, 763, 764, 1016, 1017, 1032, 1036, 1332, 1441, 1456, 1457, 1462, 1463, 1467, 1473, 3377 PubMed: 17116972 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.52.235 Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Higashiyama, T., Kuroiwa, T. 2005 Phylogenetic implications of the CAD complex from the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Cyanidiales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol., 41, 652-657. Keywords: CAD complex; evolution; phylogeny; red algae; pyrimidine biosynthetic cluster Strain(s): 1332, 3377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00079.x Matsuzaki, M. et al. 2004 Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. Nature, 428, 653-657. Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 15071595 DOI: 10.1038/nature02398 Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Hasegawa, M., Higashiyama, T., Shin-i, T., Kohara, Y., Ogasawara, N., Kuroiwa, T. 2004 Cyanobarterial genes transmitted to the nucleus before divergence of red algae in the Chromista. J. Mol. Evol., 59, 103-113. Keywords: Chromista; cyanobacterial nuclear genes; phylogeny; plastids; primary endosymbiosis; secondary endosymbiosis Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 15383913 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2611-1 Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Takahara, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Hasegawa, M., Shin-i, T., Kohara, Y., Ogasawara, N., Kuroiwa, T. 2003 The phylogenetic position of red algae revealed by multiple nuclear genes from mitochondria-containing eukaryotes and an alternative hypothesis on the origin of plastids. J. Mol. Evol., 56, 485-497. Keywords: eukaryotes; evolution; nuclear genes; outgroup; phylogeny; plantae; plastid; protein-coding genes; red algae Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 12664168 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-002-2419-9 Ohta, N., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Miyagishima, S., Nozaki, H., Tanaka, K., Shin-I, T., Kohara, Y., Kuroiwa, T. 2003 Complete sequence and analysis of the plastid genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. DNA Res., 10, 67-77. Keywords: Cyanidioschyzon merolae; red algae; plastid; genome sequencing Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 12755171 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/10.2.67 Ohta, N., Sato, N., Kuroiwa, T. 1998 Structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae deduced from the complete nucleotide sequence. Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 5190-5198. Strain(s): 1332, 3377 PubMed: 9801318 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.22.5190

Reference

Hamana, K., Furuchi, T., Hayashi, H., Uemura, T., Niitsu, M. 2023 Additional polyamine analysis of the algae belonging to the phyla Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. ─Polyamine analysis of algae V─ Microb. Resour. Syst., 39, 33-40.
Keywords: alga; Chlorophyta; Glaucophyta; polyamine; Rhodophyta
Strain(s): 226, 250, 254, 550, 551, 626, 1298, 1332, 1703, 1836, 2137, 2163, 2164, 2165, 2166, 2252, 2353, 2894, 3377, 3645, 3867, 3891, 3892, 4107, 4390, 4452

Wong, D. K., Grisdale, C. J., Slat, V. A., Rader, S. D., Fast, N. M. 2023 The evolution of pre-mRNA splicing and its machinery revealed by reduced extremophilic red algae. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 70, e12927 (article ID).
Keywords: Cyanidiales; intron; spliceosome; transcriptome
Strain(s): 1332
PubMed: 35662328
DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12927

Szewczyk, S., Abram, M., Białek, R., Haniewicz, P., Karolczak, J., Gapiński, J., Kargul, J., Gibasiewicz, K. 2020 On the nature of uncoupled chlorophylls in the extremophilic photosystem I-light harvesting I supercomplex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg., 1861, 148136 (article ID).
Keywords: Biosolar photovoltaic cells; Photosystem I; Light harvesting complex I; Uncoupled chlorophylls; Time-resolved fluorescence; Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Strain(s): 1332
PubMed: 31825811
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148136

Abram, M., Białek, R., Szewczyk, S., Karolczak, J., Gibasiewicz, K., Kargul, J. 2020 Remodeling of excitation energy transfer in extremophilic red algal PSI-LHCI complex during light adaptation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg., 1861, 148093 (article ID).
Keywords: Photosystem I; Light harvesting complex I; Time-resolved fluorescence; Extremophilic red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae; Light adaptation; Red chlorophylls
Strain(s): 1332
PubMed: 31669460
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148093

Zienkiewicz, M., Krupnik, T., Drożak, A., Kania, K. 2019 PEG-mediated, stable, nuclear and chloroplast transformation of Cyanidioschizon merolae. Bio-protocol, 9, e3355 (article ID).
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3355

Krupnik, T., Wasilewska, W., Drożak, A., Romanowska, E., Zienkiewicz, M. 2018 Application of chloroplast promoters of Cyanidioschyzon merolae for exogenous protein expression. Algae, 33, 351-358.
Keywords: chloroplast promoters; chloroplast transformation; Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Strain(s): 1332
DOI: 10.4490/algae.2018.33.12.5

Zienkiewicz, M., Krupnik, T., Drożak, A., Golke, A., Romanowska, E. 2017 Transformation of the Cyanidioschyzon merolae chloroplast genome: prospects for understanding chloroplast function in extreme environments. Plant Mol. Biol., 93, 171-183.
Keywords: Stable chloroplast transformation; Cyanidioschyzon merolae; Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; PEG; Biolistic bombardment
Strain(s): 1332
PubMed: 27796719
DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0554-8

Rahman, D. Y, Sarian, F. D., van WijkM, A., Martinez-Garcia, M., van der Maarel, M. J. E. C. 2017 Thermostable phycocyanin from the red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, a new natural blue food colorant. J. Appl. Phycol., 29, 1233–1239.
Keywords: Food colorant; Phycocyanin; Pigments; Red microalga; Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Strain(s): 1332
PubMed: 28572707
DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-1007-0

Loganathan, N., Tsai, YC., Mueller-Cajar, O. 2016 Characterization of the heterooligomeric red-type rubisco activase from red algae. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113, 14019-14024.
Keywords: rubisco; activase; photosynthesis; AAA⁺ proteins; red algae
Strain(s): 1332
PubMed: 27872295
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610758113

Takaichi, S., Yokoyama, A., Mochimaru, M., Uchida, H., Murakami, A. 2016 Carotenogenesis diversification in phylogenetic lineages of Rhodophyta. J. Phycol., 52, 329-338.
Keywords: alloxanthin; antheraxanthin; carotenogenesis; carotenoid; Cryptophyta; Glaucophyta; lutein; red algae; Rhodophyta; Zeaxanthin
Strain(s): 697, 700, 705, 1332, 2137, 2138
PubMed: 27273528
DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12411

Krupnik, T., Kotabová, E., van Bezouwen, L. S., Mazur, R., Garstka, M., Nixon, P. J., Barber, J., Kaňa, R., Boekema, E. J., Kargul, J. 2013 A reaction center-dependent photoprotection mechanism in a highly robust photosystem II from an extremophilic red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J. Biol. Chem., 288, 23529-23542.
Strain(s): 1332
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.484659

Miyagishima, S., Suzuki, K., Okazaki, K., Kabeya, Y. 2012 Expression of the nucleus-encoded chloroplast division genes and proteins regulated by the algal cell cycle. Mol. Biol. Evol., 29, 2957-2970.
Keywords: cell cycle; chloroplast division; endosymbiosis; endosymbiotic gene transfer
Strain(s): 296, 484, 547, 1332, 2170, 3377
PubMed: 22490821
DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss102

Takaichi, S. 2011 Carotenoids in algae: distributions, biosyntheses and functions. Mar. Drugs, 9, 1101-1118.
Keywords: algal phylogeny; biosynthesis of carotenoids; distribution of carotenoids; function of carotenoids; pigment-protein complex
Strain(s): 144, 1332, 3377
PubMed: 21747749
DOI: 10.3390/md9061101

Ohnuma, M., Kuroiwa, T., Tanaka, K. 2011 Optimization of cryopreservation conditions for the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J. Gen. Appl. Micobiol.,, 57, 137-143.
Keywords: cryoinjury; cryopreservation; Cyanidioschyzon merolae; unicellular red alga
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 21817825
DOI: 10.2323/jgam.57.137

Cunningham, Jr., F. X., Lee, H., Gantt, E. 2007 Carotenoid biosynthesis in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Eukaryot. Cell, 6, 533-545.
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 17085635
DOI: 10.1128/EC.00265-06

Nozaki, H., Takano, H., Misumi, O., Terasawa, K., Matsuzaki, M., Maruyama, S., Nishida, K., Yagisawa, F., Yoshida, Y., Fujiwara, T., Takio, S., Tamura, K., Chung, S. J., Nakamura, S., Kuroiwa, H., Tanaka, K., Sato, N., Kuroiwa, T. 2007 A 100%-complete sequence reveals unusually simple genomic features in the hot-spring red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. BMC Biol., 5, 28 (article ID).
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 17623057
DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-28

Hamana, K. & Niitsu, M. 2006 Cellular polyamines of lower eukaryotes belonging to the phyla Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta and Percolozoa. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 52, 235-240.
Keywords: Cryptophyta; Glaucophyta; Haptophyta; Perclozoa; polyamine; Rhodophyta
Strain(s): 8, 274, 276, 277, 282, 353, 388, 699, 706, 715, 741, 763, 764, 1016, 1017, 1032, 1036, 1332, 1441, 1456, 1457, 1462, 1463, 1467, 1473, 3377
PubMed: 17116972
DOI: 10.2323/jgam.52.235

Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Higashiyama, T., Kuroiwa, T. 2005 Phylogenetic implications of the CAD complex from the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Cyanidiales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol., 41, 652-657.
Keywords: CAD complex; evolution; phylogeny; red algae; pyrimidine biosynthetic cluster
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00079.x

Matsuzaki, M. et al. 2004 Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. Nature, 428, 653-657.
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 15071595
DOI: 10.1038/nature02398

Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Hasegawa, M., Higashiyama, T., Shin-i, T., Kohara, Y., Ogasawara, N., Kuroiwa, T. 2004 Cyanobarterial genes transmitted to the nucleus before divergence of red algae in the Chromista. J. Mol. Evol., 59, 103-113.
Keywords: Chromista; cyanobacterial nuclear genes; phylogeny; plastids; primary endosymbiosis; secondary endosymbiosis
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 15383913
DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2611-1

Nozaki, H., Matsuzaki, M., Takahara, M., Misumi, O., Kuroiwa, H., Hasegawa, M., Shin-i, T., Kohara, Y., Ogasawara, N., Kuroiwa, T. 2003 The phylogenetic position of red algae revealed by multiple nuclear genes from mitochondria-containing eukaryotes and an alternative hypothesis on the origin of plastids. J. Mol. Evol., 56, 485-497.
Keywords: eukaryotes; evolution; nuclear genes; outgroup; phylogeny; plantae; plastid; protein-coding genes; red algae
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 12664168
DOI: 10.1007/s00239-002-2419-9

Ohta, N., Matsuzaki, M., Misumi, O., Miyagishima, S., Nozaki, H., Tanaka, K., Shin-I, T., Kohara, Y., Kuroiwa, T. 2003 Complete sequence and analysis of the plastid genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. DNA Res., 10, 67-77.
Keywords: Cyanidioschyzon merolae; red algae; plastid; genome sequencing
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 12755171
DOI: 10.1093/dnares/10.2.67

Ohta, N., Sato, N., Kuroiwa, T. 1998 Structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae deduced from the complete nucleotide sequence. Nucleic Acids Res., 26, 5190-5198.
Strain(s): 1332, 3377
PubMed: 9801318
DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.22.5190

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