A big image opens when the thumbnail is clicked.(nies-0006.jpg)
Strain number NIES-6  
Phylum Heterokontophyta  
Class Raphidophyceae  
Scientific name Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada ex Y.Hara & Chihara  
Synonym Entomosigma akashiwo Y.Hada; Chattonella akashiwo (Y.Hada) Loeblich III 1979; Olisthodiscus carterae Hulburt 1965; Heterosigma inlandica Hada 1968; Chattonella inlandica (Y.Hada) Loeblich III & Fine 1977; Heterosigma carterae (Hulbert) F.J.R.Taylor 1992  
Former name  
Common name  
Locality (Date of collection) Osaka Bay, Osaka, Japan (1979-08-**)  
Latitude / Longitude  
Habitat (Isolation source) Marine  
History < Watanabe, Makoto M.  
Isolator (Date of isolation) Watanabe, Makoto M.  
Identified by Watanabe, Makoto M.  
State of strain Subculture; Unialgal; Clonal; Axenic[2018 Feb]  
Culture condition
(Preculture condition)
Medium:  f/2  
Temperature:  20 C
Light intensity:  31 µmol photons/m2/sec, L/D cycle:  10L:14D
Duration:  1 M  
Gene information 16S rRNA ( AB181954 ) , 16S-tRNA-Ile-tRNA-Ala-23S ( AB181958 ) , 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S ( AF157381 ) , CO1 ( AB334507 ) , rbcL ( AB334434 )  
Cell size (min - max) - 20 μm  
Organization Unicellular; Flagellate 
Characteristics Red tide  
Other strain no. Other strain no. : OHE-1  
Remarks Fragile species to transportation stresses; Read and agree "How to order 4.1"; Axenic 
Movie  
Reference
Ohkubo, N., Tomaru, Y., Yamaguchi, H., Kitatsuji, S., Mochida, K. 2017 Development of a method to assess the ichthyotoxicity of the harmful marine microalgae Karenia spp. using gill cell cultures from red sea bream (Pagrus major). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 43, 1603–1612.
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 28695381
DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0396-6

Yamaguchi, H., Arisaka, H., Otsuka, N., Tomaru, Y. 2014 Utilization of phosphate diesters by phosphodiesterase-producing marine diatoms. J. Plankton Res., 36, 281-285.
Keywords: marine diatoms; phosphate diester; phosphodiesterase; phosphorus
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbt091

Yamagishi, T. & Kawai, H. 2012 Cytoskeleton organization during the cell cycle in two stramenopile microalgae, Ochromonas danica (Chrysophyceae) and Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae), with special reference to F-actin organization and its role in cytokinesis. Protist, 163, 686-700.
Keywords: Cytokinesis; F-actin; Heterosigma; microtubule; Ochromonas; phalloidin; stramenopiles
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 22104586
DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.09.003

Keawtawee, T., Fukami, K., Songsangjinda, P., Muangyao, P. 2011 Isolation and characterization of Noctiluca-killing bacteria from a shrimp aquaculture pond in Thailand. Fish. Sci., 77, 657-664.
Keywords: Algicidal bacteria; Noctiluca scintillans; HABs; Shrimp aquacluture
Strain(s): 16 
DOI: 10.1007/s12562-011-0373-4

Sakata, T., Yoshikawa, T., Nishitarumizu, S. 2010 Purification of an algicidal substance produced by marine Pseudomonas sp. C55a-2. Mem, Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ., 59, 17-25.
Keywords: algicidal substance; Chaetoceros; Chattonella; Heterosigma; Pseudomona
Strain(s): 6121 

Nishibori, N., Niitsu, M., Fujihara, S., Sagara, T., Nishio, S., Imai, I. 2009 Occurrence of the polyamines caldopentamine and homocaldopentamine in axenic cultures of the red tide flagellates Chattonella antiqua and Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 298, 74-78.
Keywords: caldopentamine; homocaldopentamine; Chattonella antiqua; Heterosigma akashiwo
Strain(s): 16 
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01701.x

Demura, M., Noël, M.-H., Kasai, F., Watanabe, M. M., Kawachi, M. 2009 Taxonomic revision of Chattonella antiqua, C. marina and C. ovata (Raphidophyceae) based on their morphological characteristics and genetic diversity. Phycologia, 48, 518-535.
Keywords: Chattonella antiqua; Chattonella marina; Chattonella ovata; COI; COX1; Genetic diversity; ITS; Microsatellite; Morphology; Phylogeny; Population; Raphidophyceae; rbcL; Speciation; Taxonomy
Strain(s): 123569101483848511311411611814616129355756160367171684919741975197619771978198019811982198319841986238323842385238623872388238923912392239323942395239623972398239924002401240224032404240524062407 
DOI: 10.2216/08-98.1

Fukao, T., Nishijima, T., Yamaguchi, H., Adachi, M. 2007 Utilization of urea by the 6 species of red tide phytoplankton. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 54, 1-8 (in Japanese with English summary).
Keywords: growth; red tide; phytoplankton; urea; uptake kinetics
Strain(s): 16237323324605 

Nakashima, T., Miyazaki, Y., Matsuyama, Y., Muraoka, W., Yamaguchi, K., Oda, T. 2006 Producing mechanism of an algicidal compound against red tide phytoplankton in a marine bacterium γ-proteobacterium. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 73, 684-690.
Keywords: Algal activity; Harmful algal bloom; Prodigiosin; γ-proteobacterium; Homoserine lactone
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 16850298
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0507-2

Kuroda, A., Nakashima, T., Yamaguchi, K., Oda, T. 2005 Isolation and characterization of light-dependent hemolytic cytotoxin fromharmful red tide phytoplankton Chattonella marina. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol., 141, 297-305.
Keywords: Red tide; Phytoplankton; Raphidophycean flagellate; Chattonella marina; Hemolysin; Photosensitizer; Pheophorbide a; Cytotoxin; Photodynamic therapy
Strain(s): 615 
PubMed: 16098818
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.009

Kim, D., Okamoto, T., Oda, T., Tachibana, K., Lee, K. S., Ishimatsu, A., Matsuyama, Y., Honjo, T., Muramatsu, T. 2001 Possible involvement of the glycocalyx in the ichthyotoxicity of Chattonella marina (Raphidophyceae): immunological approach using antiserum against cell surface structures of the flagellate. Mar. Biol., 139, 625-632.
Strain(s): 615 
DOI: 10.1007/s002270100614

Okumura, Y., Koyama, J., Takaku, H., Satoh, H. 2001 Influence of organic solvents on the growth of marine microalgae. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 41, 123-128.
Strain(s): 6324 
PubMed: 11462135
DOI: 10.1007/s002440010229

Kim, D., Oda, T., Ishimatsu, A., Muramatsu, T. 2000 Galacturonic-acid-induced increase of superoxide production in red tide phytoplankton Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64, 911-914.
Keywords: red tide plankton; Chattonella marina; Heterosigma akashiwo; galacturonic acid; reactive oxygen species
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 10830520
DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.911

Kim, D., Sato, Y., Oda, T., Muramatsu, T., Matsuyama, Y., Honjo, T. 2000 Specific toxic effect of dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64, 2719-2722.
Keywords: red tide; Heterocapsa circularisquama; rotifer; toxicity; dinoflagellate
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 11210146
DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.2719

Kondo, R., Kagiya, G., Komura, M., Yuki, Y., Hiroishi, S., Watanabe, M. 2000 Molecular taxonomy of a bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus Microcystis. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, 47, 25-33 (in Japanese with English summary).
Keywords: cyanobacteria; Microcystis; bacterial criteria; molecular analysis
Strain(s): 6878889909198991001011021041051061081091101111122982996041055106110681076109010911105112211421164 

Niki, T., Kunugi, M., Otsuki, A. 2000 DMSP-lyase activity in five marine phytoplankton species: its potential importance in DMS production. Mar. Biol., 136, 759-764.
Strain(s): 67353 
DOI: 10.1007/s0022799002

Okamoto, T., Kim, D., Oda, T., Matsuoka, K., Ishimatsu, A., Muramatsu, T. 2000 Concanavalin A-induced discharge of glycocalyx of raphidophycean flagellates, Chattonella marina and Heteroshigma akashiwo. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 64, 1767-1770.
Keywords: red tide; concanavalin A; glycocalyx; phytoplankton
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 10993174
DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1767

Asai, R., Matsukawa, R., Ikebukuro, K., Karube, I. 1999 Highly sensitive chemiluminescence flow-injection detection of the red tide phytoplankton Heterosigma carterae. Anal. Chim. Acta, 390, 237-244.
Keywords: Chemiluminescence; Flow injection analysis; Red tide phytoplankton; Superoxide; Hydrogen peroxide; Heterosigma carterae
Strain(s): 6586 
DOI: 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00145-2

Nakamura, A., Okamoto, T., Komatsu, N., Ooka, S., Oda, T., Ishimatsu, A., Muramatsu, T. 1998 Fish mucus stimulates the generation of superoxide anion by Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo. Fish. Sci., 64, 866-869.
Keywords: red tide plankton; Raphidophyceae; fish mucus; reactive oxygen species
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.2331/fishsci.64.866

Oda, T., Nakamura, A., Okamoto, T., Ishimatsu, A., Muramatsu, T. 1998 Lectin-induced enhancement of superoxide anion production by red tide phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 131, 383-390.
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1007/s002270050331

Oda, T., Nakamura, A., Shikayama, M., Kawano,I., Ishimatsu, A., Muramatsu, T. 1997 Generation of reactive oxygen species by Raphidophycean phytoplankton. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 61, 1658-1662.
Keywords: red tide planlton; Raphidophyceae; Chattonella marina; reactive oxygen species; toxicity
Strain(s): 615 
PubMed: 9362113
DOI: 10.1271/bbb.61.1658

Shono, M., Hara, Y., Wada, M., Fujii, T. 1996 A sodium pump in the plasma membrane of the marine alga Heterosigma akashiwo. Plant Cell Physiol., 37, 385-388.
Keywords: Heterosigma akashiwo; marine alga; Na+ transport; Na+-APTase [EC 3.6.1.3]; plasma membrane
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a028957

Shono, M., Wada, M., Fujii, T. 1995 Partial purification of a Na+-ATPase from the plasma membrane of the marine alga Heterosigma akashiwo. Plant Physiol., 108, 1615-1621.
Strain(s): 6 
PubMed: 12228567
DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.4.1615

Miyagi, N., Satoh, S., Fujii, T. 1992 A nitrate-inducible plasma membrane protein of a marine alga, Heterosigma akashiwo. Plant Cell Physiol., 33, 971-976.
Keywords: Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophycean); nitrate; plasma membrane; protein
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078349

Satoh, E., Satoh, S., Fujii, T. 1992 Synchronization of phosphorylation of a chloroplast protein with the cell division cycle in Heterosigma akashiwo. Plant Cell Physiol., 33, 275-280.
Keywords: cell cycle; chloroplast stromal protein; Heterosigma akashiwo; protein phosphorylation
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078251

Wada, M., Urayama, O., Satoh, S., Hara, Y., Ikawa, Y., Fujii, T. 1992 A marine algal Na+-activated ATPase possesses an immunologically identical epitope to Na+, K+-ATPase. FEBS Lett., 309, 272-274.
Keywords: Akashiwo; Na+-ATPase; Na+, K+-ATPase; epitope mapping; antibody
Strain(s): 6 

Yasumoto, T. 1992 Toxin of the marine micro-algae [Kaiyô bisaisôrui no Tokishin]. BIO Medica, 7, 57-62 (in Japanese).
Strain(s): 161215 

Kohata, K., Watanabe, M., Yamanaka, K. 1991 Highly sensitive determination of photosynthetic pigments in marine in situ samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 558, 131-140.
Strain(s): 67254323353 
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(91)80118-Z

Nagai, H., Satake, M., Murata, M., Yasumoto, T. 1990 Screening of marine phytoplankton for antifungal substances. In Toxic Marine Phyto-plankton, Eds. by Graneli, E., Sundstrom, B., Edler, L. & Anderson, D. M., Elsevier Science Pub., New York, pp. 385-390.
Strain(s): 161215 

Miyagi, N., Satoh, E., Fujii, T. 1989 Effects of n-alkylamines on the motility and viability of Heterosigma akashiwo cells. Plant Cell Physiol., 30, 637-642.
Keywords: cell viability; Heterosigma akashiwo; n-alkylamine
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077787

Wada, M., Satoh, S., Kasamo, k., Fujii, T. 1989 Presence of a Na+-activated ATPase in the plasma membrane of the marine raphidophycean Heterosigma akashiwo. Plant Cell Physiol., 30, 923-928.
Keywords: ATPase; Heterosigma akashiwo; plasma membrane; sodium ion
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077826

Watanabe, M., Takamatsu, T., Kohata, K., Kunugi, M., Kawashima, M., Koyama, M. 1989 Luxury phosphate uptake and variation of intracellular metal concentrations in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidoohyceae). J. Phycol., 25, 428-436.
Keywords: ESR; Heterosigma akashiwo; intracellular metals; luxury phosphate uptake; neutron activation analysis; polyphosphate; 31P-NMR
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1989.tb00247.x

Harashima, A., Watanabe, M., Fujishiro, I. 1988 Evolution of bioconvection patterns in a culture of motile flagellates. Phys. Fluids, 31, 764-775.
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1063/1.866812

Watanabe, M., Kohata, K., Kunugi, M. 1988 Phosphate accumulation and metabolism by Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) during diel vertical migration in a stratified microcosm. J. Phycol., 24, 22-28.
Keywords: ATP; diel vertical migration; Heterosigma akashiwo; intracellular phosphate; 31P-NMR; phosphate accumulation; polyphosphates; Raphidophyceae; salinity and nutrient stratifications
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1988.tb04452.x

Kohata, K. & Watanabe, M. 1987 The use of a controlled experimental ecosystem (Microcosm) in studies of mechanism of red tide outbreaks (V) - Growth and cell volume change of Heterosigma akashiwo, a red tide flagellate. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 110, 57-66 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Kohata, K. & Watanabe, M. 1987 The use of a controlled experimental ecosystem (Microcosm) in studies of mechanism of red tide outbreaks (VII) - Growth and its mathematical model of Heterosigma akashiwo, a red tide flagellate, in light-limited synchronous cultures. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 110, 79-88 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Wada, M., Hara, Y., Kato, M., Yamada, M., Fujii, T. 1987 Diurnal appearance, fine structure, and chemical composition of fatty particles in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae). Protoplasma, 137, 134-139.
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1007/BF01281148

Watanabe, M., Kohata, K., Kunugi, M. 1987 Diel vertical migration of Heterosigma akashiwo under salinity and phosphate stratifications and metabolism of intracellular phosphate pools. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 110, 103-114 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M., Kohata, K., Kunugi, M. 1987 31P nuclear magnetic resonance study of intracellular phosphate pools and polyphosphate metabolism in Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada (Raphidophyceae). J. Phycol., 23, 54-62.
Keywords: cell extraction; Heterosigma akashiwo; intracellular phosphate; phosphodiester; 31P-NMR; polyphosphate; Raphidophyceae; sugar-phosphate
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb04426.x

Kohata, K. & Watanabe, M. 1986 Synchronous division and the pattern of diel vertical migration of Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada (Raphidophyceae) in a laboratory culture tank. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 100, 209-224.
Keywords: cell division; culture tank; DCMU-induced fluorescence; Heterosigma akashiwo; vertical migration
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1016/0022-0981(86)90163-2

Kohata, K. & Watanabe, M. 1984 The use of a controlled experimental ecosystem (Microcosm) in studies of mechanism of red tide outbreaks (II) - Growth of Heterosigma akashiwo, red tide flagellate, in Microcosm. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 63, 111-121 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M. & Nakamura, Y. 1984 Growth characteristics of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada. 1. The effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity and pH on growth. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 63, 51-58 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M. & Nakamura, Y. 1984 Growth characteristics of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada. 2. The utilization of nutrients. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 63, 59-68 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M., Nakamura, Y., Kohata, K. 1984 Diurnal vertical migration of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada, with special reference to the ecological role. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 63, 69-77 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Hatano, S., Hara, Y., Takahashi, M. 1983 Preliminary study on the effects of photoperiod and nutrients on the vertical migratory behavior of a red tide flagellate, Heterosigma akashiwo. Jpn. Jpn. J. Phycol. (Sôrui), 31, 263-269 (in Japanese with English summary).
Keywords: Heterosigma akashiwo; nutrients; photoperiod; vertical migration
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M., Nakamura, Y., Kohata, K. 1983 Diurnal vertical migration and dark uptake of nitrate and phosphate of the red tide flagellates, Heterosigma akashiwo Hada and Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono (Raphidophyceae). Jpn. J. Phycol. (Sôrui), 31, 161-166.
Keywords: Chattonella antiqua; diurnal vertical migration; Heterosigma akashiwo; nitrate and phosphate uptakes; red tide
Strain(s): 16 

Yamochi, S. 1983 Mechanisms for outbreak of Heterosigma akashiwo red tide in Osaka Bay, Japan. Part 1. Nutrient factors involved in controlling the growth of Heterosigma akashiwo Hada. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 39, 310-316.
Strain(s): 6 
DOI: 10.1007/BF02071827

Kohata, K., Watanabe, M. M., Nakamura, Y., Watanabe, M. 1982 Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics in Olisthodiscus luteus: grown on synchronized batch cultures. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 95-111 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Mori, S., Nakamura, Y., Watanabe, M. M., Yamochi, S., Watanabe, M. 1982 The effect of various environmental factors on the growth yield of red tide algae II. Olisthodiscus luteus. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 71-86 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Sugahara, K., Kobayashi, Y., Watanabe, M. M., Watanabe, M. 1982 Changes in cellular contents of ATP during growth of red tide algae. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 323-327 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. 1982 The diurnal variations in the cell densities of Olisthodiscus luteus and Skeletonema costatum. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 143-154 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. & Harashima, A. 1982 Bio-convection in culture of Olisthodiscus luteus and Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 155-173 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. & Harashima, A. 1982 The distribution pattern of Olisthodiscus luteus in convection cells. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 175-190 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M., Watanabe, M. M., Kohata, K., Harashima, A. 1982 The use of a controlled experimental ecosystem (Microcosm) in studies of the mechanism of red tide outbreaks. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 11-26 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M., Kohata, K., Nakamura, Y., Watanabe, M. 1982 Phosphate-limited continuous culture of a red tide flagellate, Olisthodiscus luteus: establishment of its method and the analysis of growth kinetics. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 113-130 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M., Nakamura, Y., Mori, S., Yamochi, S. 1982 Effects of physico-chemical factors and nutrients on the growth of Heterosigma akashiwo Hada from Osaka Bay, Japan. Jpn. J. Phycol. (Sôrui), 30, 279-288.
Keywords: growth rate; Heterosigma akashiwo; minimum cell quota; Raphidophyceae; red tide
Strain(s): 6 

Watanabe, M. M., Yamochi, S., Kohata, K., Watanabe, M. 1982 Vertical migration and diel periodicity of phosphate uptake in a red tide flagellate, Olisthodiscus luteus. Res. Rep. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., No. 30, 131-141 (in Japanese with English summary).
Strain(s): 6 

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